中国园林·刊首语(2021-07) | 王向荣：城中园，园中城

本期主题：生态智慧与生态实践

城中园，园中城

Garden in City and City in Garden

中国城市与园林的发展有着漫长的历史，城市与园林是同时出现的，也是并存发展的。

城市中最基本的单元是住宅。尽管由于地理方位、气候条件、社会结构及生活习惯的不同，住宅的形式千变万化，但是合院一直是中国古代城市住宅的基本类型。受儒家宗法伦理的影响，合院式住宅往往严谨规整、布局对称。不过在院子甚至是小小的天井之中，通常都会种植树木或摆放盆栽植物，既有美好的寓意，也缓解规则式住宅过于严肃的氛围。一座城市由街巷和规模不同、院落进数不等的合院建筑排布组成，尽管城市中建筑密度很高，但是由于院子里大多种有树木，所以如果从高处俯瞰，整个城市都会掩映在绿树之中。 

为了增加生活情趣，在有限的城市宅院空间中，人们总是不遗余力地创造园林，尤以江南之地风气最甚、艺术水准最高。苏州装驾桥巷的吴宅占地仅2000余平方米，在规整有序的合院式住宅的东侧，却有一个近150平方米的充满诗意的小园，园名为 “残粒”，以一勺池水为中心，山石相间，自由洒脱，为规整的住宅带来浓厚的自然气息。 

规模再大一些的宅院有条件建造更大更完整的园林。苏州耦园的住宅位于宅院的中部，仍是规整紧凑的合院式布局。宅院的东西两侧各有一座园林，其中东园以一组黄石假山为中心，幽谷峻岩、树木葱茏、池水萦绕，意境深远；而西园的中心是一座湖石假山，尽管空间狭小，却亦是古木参天，让园中建筑都掩映于山林之后。 

耦园初名涉园，取意于陶渊明《归去来兮辞》中的 “园日涉以成趣，门虽设而常关”，意在表达园主人清高的品格及隐居山林、啸傲泉石的追求。园林看似是一处与世隔绝的世外桃源，其实不然。耦园东南角有 “听橹楼”，在楼上不仅能听到园外运河中的船橹声，亦能眺望园外的风景及运河中往来的船只。耦园还有一个私家小码头，摇船沿城内水巷，可以抵达苏州城内不同的区域；而出城市水门，沿太湖平原发达的水网，可以通往江南水乡的城邑市镇。 

正如耦园所展现的，宅院中的园林虽然总体空间是内向的，但园中的风景与意境却并不限于园内。苏州的一些园林中有专门眺望城外自然山峦的楼台，拙政园中有“见山楼”，沧浪亭中也有 “看山楼”。沧浪亭上有一幅名联：“清风明月本无价，近水远山皆有情”，这里的远山指的就是苏州城与太湖之间的一系列低山浅丘。当年在苏州城的高处，就可以眺望城外的田园风光、连绵的丘陵和烟波浩渺的太湖。 

在漫漫的历史长河中，城市内外的园林与城市一直是并存发展的。自苏州建城伊始，吴王即在城外的山野湖泊周围建造离宫别院。经后代的不断梳理、维护和完善，以及寺观、书院和山庄的兴建，这些自然山水在美学价值之外又逐渐被赋予了精神和文化的内涵，其中虎丘、天平山、灵岩山、洞庭东山、洞庭西山、上方山、石湖等都成为城外著名的园林和风景名胜。 

同时，一座城市的产生、延续及繁荣发展，离不开区域完善的生产和生活支撑系统。中国古代城市无论选址何处，都会在城市与山峦之间、城市与河流之间建造陂塘、运河、沟渠等水利工程，储水调蓄、引水绕城或穿城，形成安全和可控的水系统，满足城外农业灌溉及城市供水、蓄水、排水和船运等功能。就如同苏州，除了城西的低山丘陵外，其他区域原为低地沼泽和湖荡，土地利用极为困难。春秋战国时期，这一带就开始兴建水利工程，开挖河道、围筑堤坝，以便排涝、灌溉、发展农业及船运。经过上千年的经营，到了宋代，圩田水网已覆盖了整个太湖平原，这里成为肥沃富饶、风景优美的鱼米之乡。这一系统深刻地影响了苏州的城市结构和景观格局——水系贯穿城市和乡村，促进了城内城外风景的互相渗透，以及城市与周围自然山水的融合。

苏州是中国人心目中的天堂，是传统山水园林城市的典范，但并不是一个孤例。事实上，中国历史上几乎所有的城市，从都城到普通的城镇，都采用了类似的营建思想，具有相近的城市结构及城乡一体的山水风景系统。受儒家思想、封建礼制和等级观念的支配，中国古代城邑的布局往往非常紧凑规矩、严谨方整。即使在实际建造中，由于地形和水系的影响，城邑的形状会有所变化和调整，但总体仍会保持一种秩序。而城邑之外的风景则完全不同，一些独特的自然山水，经历了充分的人文营建，成为风景名胜和郊邑园林 ；而支撑农业生产的水利系统在不断地维护与管理后，不仅成为田园风光的重要骨架，更有相当一部分经过文人墨客的山水诗画创作及城市八景文化的熏染，最终也成为诗意的园林和风景。

以城乡一体的视角看中国古代城市，我们会发现历史上的中国城市与中国园林有着极为相似的结构，城市就是放大版的园林。城邑的面积不大，如同宅院中的住宅部分，紧凑严谨、规整有序；更大的部分是城市内外自然与人工的山水风景，就如同宅院中的园林。可以说，我们的祖先就是用营建园林的方式来营建城市的。宅园相依，城景互融，这是我们中国人早已有之的生活原型和生活理想。

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The development of cities and gardens in China has a long history. Cities and gardens have appeared at the same time, and they have also existed and developed together.

The most basic unit in a city is a residence. Although due to the different geographical location, climatic conditions, social structure and living habits, the forms of housing are ever-changing, but the courtyard has always been the basic type of urban housing in ancient China. Affected by Confucian patriarchal ethics, courtyard houses are often rigorously organized and symmetrical in layout. However, in the yard or even a small patio, trees or potted plants are usually planted, which has a good meaning and alleviates the overly serious atmosphere of a regular house. A city is composed of streets and lanes and courtyard buildings of different scales and layers. Although the density of buildings in city is very high, because there are many kinds of trees in the courtyards, if you overlook from a high place, the whole city will be hidden among the green trees.

In order to increase the taste of life, people always spare no effort to create gardens in the limited space of urban housing, especially in the south of the Yangtze River, where the atmosphere is the most popular and the artistic level is the highest. Wu's House in Zhuangjiaqiao Lane in Suzhou occupies only more than 2,000 square meters. On the east side of the well-organized courtyard houses, there is a poetic garden of nearly 150 square meters. The garden is named "Canli (Remnant  Granules)", centered on a spoonful of pool water, with mountains and rocks interspersed with each other, free and easy, bringing a strong natural atmosphere to the regular houses.

Larger houses are able to build larger and more complete gardens. The residence in Suzhou Coupling Garden (Ou Garden) is located in the middle of the house and has a neat and compact layout. There is one garden on the east side of the house and another on the west side. The east garden is centered on a group of yellowstone rockery, with steep valleys, verdant trees, and lingering pools of water, giving a profound artistic conception; while the center of the west garden is a rockery  with lake and rock. Despite the cramped space, there are also towering ancient trees, so that the buildings in the garden are hidden behind the rockeries and woods.

The first name of Coupling Garden was Sheyuan, which was inspired by Tao Yuanming's Return and Coming Words, "the garden is used to make fun, although the door is always closed", which is intended to express the noble character of the owner of the garden and the pursuit of seclusion in mountains and forests and enjoyment with water and rockeries. The garden seems to be an isolated paradise, but it is not. At the southeast corner of the garden, there is the "Ting Lu  Lou" building. Upstairs, you can not only hear the sound of boat sculls in the canal outside the garden, but also overlook the scenery outside the garden and the ships passing by in the canal. There is also a private small wharf in Coupling Garden. You can reach different areas in Suzhou by paddling the boat along the water lanes in the city. Outside the water gate of the city, the developed water network along the Taihu Plain can lead to the cities and towns of the Jiangnan water town.

As demonstrated by Coupling Garden, although the overall space of the garden in the house is introverted, the scenery and artistic conception in the garden are not limited to the garden. Some gardens in Suzhou have terraces that overlook the natural mountains outside the city. There is a "Jianshan Tower" in the Humble Administrator's Garden, and a "Kanshan Tower" in Canglang Pavilion. There is a famous couplet on Canglang Pavilion: "The breeze and the moon are priceless, and there is love with near water and distant mountains". The distant mountains here refer to a series of low hills and hills between Suzhou city area and Taihu Lake. At the height of Suzhou city area, you could overlook the rural scenery, the rolling hills and the vast Taihu Lake outside the city.

In the long history, the gardens inside and outside the city and the city have always existed and developed together. Since the beginning of the city of Suzhou, King Wu built the imperial palace around the mountains and lakes outside the city. After the continuous sorting out, maintenance and improvement of future generations, as well as the construction of temples, academies and villas, these natural landscapes have gradually been endowed with spiritual and cultural connotations in addition to their aesthetic value. Among them, Tiger Hill, Tianping Mountain, Lingyan Mountain, Dongting East Mountain, Dongting West Mountain, Shangfang Mountain, and Stone Lake have become famous  gardens and scenic spots outside the city.

At the same time, the emergence, continuation, and prosperity of a city cannot be separated from a complete regional production and living support system. Regardless of the location of ancient Chinese cities, water conservancy projects, such as impounding ponds, canals, and ditches, will be built between the city and the mountains, between the city and the river, to store and control water, divert water around the city or pass through the city, forming safe and controllable water systems to meet the function of agricultural irrigation outside the city and urban  water supply, water storage, drainage and shipping. Just like Suzhou, except for the low mountains and hills in the west of the city, other areas were originally lowland swamps and lakes, and land use was extremely difficult. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, water conservancy projects began to be built in this area, river channels were excavated, and dams were built for drainage, irrigation, agriculture, and shipping. After thousands of years of operation, by the Song Dynasty, the polder water network had covered the entire Taihu Lake plain, which became a fertile, beautiful land of fish and rice. This system has profoundly affected the urban structure and landscape pattern of Suzhou—the water system runs through the city and the countryside, and promotes the mutual penetration of sceneries inside and outside the city, as well as the integration of the city and the surrounding natural mountains and waters.

Suzhou is a paradise in the minds of Chinese people and a model of traditional landscape garden city, but it is not an isolated case. In fact, almost all cities in Chinese history, from capitals to ordinary towns, have adopted similar construction ideas, with similar urban structures and a landscape system integrating urban and rural areas. Dominated by Confucianism, feudal rituals, and hierarchical concepts, the layout of ancient Chinese cities is often very compact, rigorous and square. Even in the actual construction, due to the influence of the terrain and water system, the shape of the city will be changed and adjusted, but the overall order will still be maintained. The scenery outside the city is completely different. Some unique natural mountains and rivers have undergone sufficient humanistic construction to become scenic spots and suburban gardens; and the water conservancy system that supports agricultural production has become the important skeleton of the pastoral after continuous maintenance and management, and moreover, a considerable part of it has been influenced by the creation of landscape poetry and painting by literati and poets and the culture of the city's eight sceneries, which eventually become poetic gardens and sceneries.

Looking at ancient Chinese cities from the perspective of the integration of urban and rural areas, we will find that historical Chinese cities and Chinese gardens have very similar structures, and cities are enlarged versions of gardens. The area of the city is small, just like the residential part of the house, compact, rigorous, and orderly; the larger part is the natural and artificial landscape scenery inside and outside the city, just like the garden in the courtyard house. It can be said that our ancestors built cities by building gardens. The houses and gardens are intertwined, and the city and landscape are integrated. This is the prototype and ideal of life that we Chinese have long established.

本刊主编：王向荣 教授

Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

Chief Editor

引文格式

王向荣.城中园，园中城[J].中国园林，2021，37(7)：2-3.

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